★ World Heritage Sakai, Osaka Keyhole-shaped mound IHA imperial tomb

Daisen Kofun

Mausoleum of Emperor Nintoku
LocationSakai, Osaka
ShapeKeyhole-shaped mound
Mound length486 m
PeriodEarly–mid 5th c.
DesignationImperial Tomb (IHA)
World HeritageMozu-Furuichi Kofun Group (UNESCO)
IHA designationIHA-managed (no public entry)

Overview

At 486m in the published Sakai City and Agency for Cultural Affairs figures, this is Japan's longest burial mound. An IHA survey measured 525.01m at the present floor of the first moat, but does not treat that figure as the original mound length. The three-tiered keyhole mound rises to about 35.8m at the rear circle (about 249m across) and 33.9m at the front section (about 307m wide) in Sakai City's figures. It is the only giant keyhole mound ringed by triple moats, and the total area including water reaches about 47 hectares — roughly 12 Koshien Stadiums. Stone-paved slopes (fukiishi) once covered the mound, and rows of cylindrical haniwa were set on the summits, at the waist and at the end of the front section. Its footprint exceeds even that of the Great Pyramid of Giza, though its volume (about 1.4 million m³) is smaller than the pyramid's (about 2.6 million m³). Inscribed in July 2019 as part of the "Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group" UNESCO World Heritage Site (Japan's 23rd WHS). Note: "Nintoku Tenno-ryo" is the name based on the IHA's attribution; archaeologists distinguish it as "Daisenryo Kofun" or "Daisen Kofun." Some rank this alongside the Great Pyramid and the First Emperor's Mausoleum as one of the world's three greatest tombs.

Finds & research

The rear-circle burial is uninvestigated; the pit-style stone chamber and nagamochi-gata sarcophagus exposed on the south slope of the front section in 1872 were recorded along with gilt copper-plate armour, glass vessels and other items, and then reburied. Cylindrical and figural haniwa (human figures, horses, roosters, boats), Sue ware, Haji ware, and beads have been recovered from the outer embankment and outer moat. The haniwa from the outer embankment are particularly well preserved and are exhibited at the Sakai City Museum. Joint IHA/Sakai City excavations from 2018 onward have documented the outer embankment but no investigation of the mound interior has been carried out.

Two views on the occupant

Archaeological view
The occupant is archaeologically unconfirmed. Sakai City notes that, although the IHA manages it as Emperor Nintoku's mausoleum, it was built after the mound designated as Emperor Richu's mausoleum. The rear-circle burial remains uninvestigated, though the 1757 gazetteer Zenkai Shoshi records a sarcophagus there about 318cm long and 167cm wide, among the largest known in Japan. In 1872 a slip on the south slope of the front section exposed a pit-style stone chamber holding a nagamochi-gata (chest-shaped) sarcophagus; the record survey noted gilt copper-plate armour and glass vessels thought to have come from West Asia, among other items. Finds, chamber and coffin were all reburied for preservation. Haniwa, Sue ware and beads have been recovered from the outer embankment.
Imperial Household Agency view
Officially designated as "Mozu no Mimihara no Naka no Misasagi" and administered by the Imperial Household Agency's Shoryobu bureau. The IHA attributes it to Emperor Nintoku based on the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. As it is managed by the IHA, no excavation for academic purposes has been carried out, and only exterior viewing from the moat-side promenade (Daisen Park side) is permitted.[IHA Visiting Info] Address: Daisen-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka / Access: about 7 min walk from JR Mozu Station / Hours: 8:30–17:00 in principle (open year-round). Stamp: Furuichi Imperial Mausolea Office.

Field notes

A moat-side promenade circles the outer moat in about 2.8km (40 min walk). The Sakai City Museum in adjacent Daisen Park displays haniwa and related finds. A free observation deck on the 21st floor of Sakai City Hall offers a bird's-eye view of the entire mound.

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Sources

宮内庁宮内庁書陵部「仁徳天皇 百舌鳥耳原中陵第1濠内三次元地形測量調査報告」堺市「古墳」(仁徳天皇陵古墳・全長約486m)文化庁 文化遺産オンライン(世界遺産構成資産解説)堺市 古墳大きさランキング(日本全国版)堺市「仁徳天皇陵古墳(大山古墳)」堺市「世界三大墳墓の大きさ比較」

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